Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay Example for Free

Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay As human being there is the thought that love is difficult to understand. Why are some people attracted to the people that they are attracted to and what is it that draws them to each other? Understanding the dimensions of love and knowing attachment styles clear up some of the confusion. There are three dimensions of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. These are known as the triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1986, 1987). Intimacy refers to mutual understanding, warm affection, and mutual concern for the others welfare (Baumgardner, 2009). Intimacy is imperative to a relationship if it is going to last. With intimacy there is a bond or a closeness between a couple. If a couple has intimacy, they are connected on more of an emotional level than a couple who only experiences passion. Intimate couples have more of a chance to move on to commitment as well. While intimacy is a big step toward commitment, having intimacy does not necessarily mean that there will be commitment on anyone’s part. There may be nothing more to the relationship other than the passion and intimacy which is romantic love. As long as neither person plans to be with this person for a long time there is not a commitment. Passion means strong emotion, excitement, and physical arousal, often tied to sexual desire and attraction (Baumgardner, 2009). Passion can be lustful infatuation but is also an important element to a happy and strong relationship. A relationship without any of these components could be in danger of dissolving, however, in our society today, sex and passion is very important. The importance placed on sex by society is taught to children early in life, most before they know what it is. A couple without passion could lose the bond they have created through intimacy without any passion and risk them falling out of love. Commitment is the conscious decision to stay in a relationship for the long haul (Baumgardner, 2009). Being committed does not necessarily mean that there is intimacy and passion involved. Many couples decide to stay together for different reasons even though there is no love involved. Some couples stay together for the benefit of the children if there are any, others may be bused or have low self-esteem, or it may be ma simple matter of convenience. Consummate love combines high levels of all three dimensions to create a complete love. This is a love where some of the components may fade but are never completely gone. Intimacy, passion, and commitment may be stronger in some couples than others but they are happy and in tune with each other. These couples prefer the company of each other over going out with a group or crowd. They always touch or have some type of contact with each other and prefer to be close to each other most of the time. The attachment theory raises the intriguing possibility that some of our most basic, and perhaps unconscious, emotional responses to intimacy are shaped by the relationships we have with our parents (Baumgardner, 2009). Infant attachment styles look at the relationship between children and their caregivers. There is an assessment of attachment styles known as the strange situation test. This experiment involved an infant, the child’s mother, and a stranger in a room equipped with toys. The test involved seeing how the child would react when the mother left the room, then again when the stranger left and came back in a specific order. Most infants showed a secure attachment style. This style shows that the child is secure and confident while the mother is in the room, and as the mother leaves, shows some distress and plays with less of the toys. After the mother returns, so does the child’s confidence. Some of the children exhibited no signs of distress when their mothers left the room and even avoided the mother. This is avoidance attachment style. The anxious-ambivalent attachment style is the style used to describe the minority of children who both seek and avoid the mother’s attention. They played very little and showed great distress when the mother left the room. The parenting style of the mothers to these children were avoidant and almost neglectful, showing mixed feelings toward the child. There are four adult attachment styles also. Secure attachment, preoccupied attachment, fearful avoidant attachment, and dismissing avoidant attachment. Secure attachment style describes people who are confident in their relationship, with no anxiety or avoidance. A relationship of a couple with secure attachment style experiences positive emotions and sensitivity toward each other’s needs. The preoccupied attachment style represents people who want intimacy but have high levels of anxiety and low self-esteem. Their actions are centered more on themselves that those of the people they claim to love even though they may seem loving and caring. The fearful attachment style describes people who are high in avoidance and anxiety because of their low self-esteem and fear of being rejected. These people display a lack of love for themselves and therefore, feel they cannot be loved. These people show little to no trust toward people and may come off as hostile or distant. Dismissing avoidant attachment describes people who are high in avoidance and low anxiety. This type of people are usually self-reliant, independent, and confident. Basically their view is that they do not need other people because they, themselves, are all they need. Relationships with these people are usually without commitment and less intimacy than those of secure or preoccupied attachment styles (Baumgardner, 2009). People’s attachment styles define what their relationship will be like. For example, a person who exhibits the fearful avoidant attachment may be alone most of his or her life because they are too afraid of rejection to ask for or accept a date. People with secure attachment have healthy relationships and seem more satisfied with their lives. If a person is unhappy with themselves the idea that no one else could love them could destroy a relationship. To make sure both parties are equally happy, compromises and considerations need to be thought of. Getting to know all of the things a person likes and dislikes is the most exciting part of a new relationship. If done well, it will result in a well-rounded couple.

Themes of Love and Obsession in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay

Themes of Love and Obsession in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   "My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff" (81)" These words, uttered by Catherine, in the novel Wuthering Heights are for me the starting point in my investigation into the themes of love and obsession in the novel. Catherine has just told her housekeeper that she has made up her mind to marry Edgar Linton, although she is well aware that her love for him is bound to change as time passes. That she is obsessed by her love for Heathcliff she confirms in the above quotation and by saying that she will never, ever be separated from him. Why does she not marry him then? Well, she has another obsession too: she does not want to degrade herself by marrying him. Instead she thinks that by wedding Linton she can aid Heathcliff to rise.    Heathcliff, who has been ill-treated by his foster brother Hindley, is obsessed by his thoughts of revenge: "I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don't care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do!" (64).He comes back after three years, during which time nobody at Wuthering Heights or The Grange have known his whereabouts, and the first person he is eager to meet is Catherine. She reacts with a mixture of fright and passion, and accuses Heathcliff of being cruel as he has not been heard of for such a long time. His joy to see her again is unmistakable: "A little more than you have thought of me," he murmured "I heard of your marriage, Cathy, not long since; and, while waiting in the yard below, I meditated this plan: - just to have one glimpse of your face, a stare of surprise, perhaps, ... ...s dream and calls her a minx, Heathcliff cannot control his vehement emotions. When he realizes that his life is coming to an end he carries through his will to be buried in the same grave as the woman he loved so fervently.    My conclusion is that in this novel the themes of love and obsession are interconnected. The love between Catherine and Heathcliff runs all through the story, and that love is the reason for Heathcliff's obsession to have his revenge. He never got over being rejected by her. And he never stopped loving Catherine as long as he lived: "Be with me always - take any form - drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!" (148).    Work Cited: Brontà «, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Penguin Popular Classics, 1994.   

Religion is the Key to Success Essay

Religion should have an impact on everyone’s life. According to Karen Armstrong, without religion, people would not be able to discover their own personal reason of life with a pure reason or purpose set by any guidelines. As a result of obtaining a good foundation of faith in your religion, it will not only positively affect your life on a personal level, but the community as a whole. If we look back at human antiquity, we commonly find that people of many different religions, traditions, and cultures had one main goal of finding the meaning of peace and purity in their own â€Å"selves†. In the seventeenth century BCE, the Hindus created a book of philosophical texts called the Upanishads, holding the main idea of finding ones sacred self, or atman. This sacred book led tranquility and serenity into the everyday lives of many Hindus. According to Armstrong, the purpose of religion has been and always should be to help us live peacefully, creatively, and even joyously. Armstrong also states that by engaging in religious practices and forms of life, people can live their lives on a higher divine plane and thus discover their own true selves. Karen Armstrong believes that religion does help people to find beneficial meanings in their lives and does allow people discover their inner selves. Throughout the passage â€Å"Homo Religiosus† written by Karen Armstrong, there are many historical events coming from various cultural and religious backgrounds that support her belief in which religion does and should play a crucial part in everyone’s lives. However, not only does religion bring harmony and principle in people’s lives, but religion also aids people in finding a legitimate meaning in their life and in the world. It helps to positively strengthen the relationship between the people leading to the elimination of greed, hatred, and pride in communities. Like Confucius beliefs, the Buddhists had a state of peace of their own. Nirvana was the natural result of a life lived according to the doctrine of Buddha’s anatta. Anatta required Buddhists to live as if though the self did not exist, which led to corruption fading away. It is stated, â€Å"His (a monk’s) greed fades away, and once his cravings disappear, he experiences the release of the mind† (Miller and Spellmeyer 37). This text states that when the people heard about annata, their hearts were occupied with joy and they immediately experienced Nirvana. As a result, people were living between each other with love, care, and ease towards one another which led to a better life style overall. The famous Confucius practice Golden Rule is also another example of religion brining peaceful meanings in ones life. Confucius, the most famous religious icon in Chinese history, clarifies the meaning behind the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule states that an individual should treat another the same way he/she would like to be treated by others. Confucius would later explain that the practice of the Golden Rule would bring people into a state of ren, which is a state of compassion and love. Although ren did bring peace and love between the people of Confucius, it is stated that it was so hard to entirely be in this state. It was stated that people had a hard time achieving a full state of ren. Nonetheless, people desired being in this pure state. Yan Hui, Confucius’s greatest student, said with a deep sigh, Yan Hui stated, â€Å"The more I strain my gaze towards it, the higher it soars. The deeper I bore down into it, the harder it becomes. I see it in front, but suddenly it is behind. Step by step, the Master skillfully lures one on. He has broadened me with culture, restrained me with ritual. Even if I wanted to stop, I could not. Just when I felt that I have exhausted every resource, something seems to rise up, standing over me sharp and clear. Yet though I long to pursue it, I can find no way of getting it all† (Miller and Spellmeyer 38). This passage explains how hard people were trying to obtain this state. Religion as defined by the mentors of great countries like India, China, and the Middle East was not something impossible, yet it was a realistic one. It was not about believing in a God or believing in a divine being. Religion was based on physical activities, disciplined work, and robust undertakings on a daily basis. Back then, religion had its real meaning of organizing ones life and basing ones life on religion. Sadly, religion has its own different inappropriate meaning nowadays. Which leads to my point of Karen Armstrong talking about how many people find the concept of God and religion so troublesome simply because they have lost sight of this important understanding. She also explains how for each separate religion, there is an ontological approach to understanding it. Many people have simply just given up on God because of self-corruption like greed, stubbornness, and impatience. In Greek mythology, it is stated, â€Å" No god can survive unless he or she is actualized by the practical activity of ritual, and people often turn against gods who fail to deliver. The rites and practices that that once made him a persuasive symbol of the sacred are no longer effective, and people have stopped participating in them. He has therefore become otiosus, an etiolated reality who for all intents and purposes has indeed died or gone away† (Miller and Spellmeyer 31). If God does not comply the peoples needs, then they will turn against this god and he/she will no longer be effective. In the passage, it is also explains how religion requires a disciplined cultivation of a different mode of consciousness. This basically means that before you perform any religious task, you must pursue ekstasis, which literally means stepping out the norm you are accustomed to. Unfortunately, nowadays people are either to lazy or lost desire to seek any religious salvation simply because many things have taking over our world like media, entertainment, sports, music etc. They pursue other means to stand outside the norm. It is like they almost feel free when they are listening to the type of music they desire, or play the type of sport they seek, or are entertained by media that they desire. Karen Armstrong proves her point â€Å" Today people who no longer find it in a religious setting resort to other outlets: music, dance, art, sex, drugs, or sport. We make a point of seeking out these experiences that touch us deep within and lift us momentarily beyond ourselves. At such times, we feel that we inhabit our humanity more fully than usual and experience an enhancement of being† (Miller and Spellmeyer 27) In conclusion, Armstrong strongly anchors her belief of religion having a positive influential affect on people’s lives, helping them find a purpose in their life, and aiding them in discovering their true selves. She has her belief backed up by many famous religious icons from different backgrounds like Buddha, Confucius, and even Greek mythology. She explained how it helps organize people’s lives, better the relationship between two people and last but not least, it helps purify a person’s whole entire life. Reassuringly, religion, does quite in fact, impacts the lives of many. Works Cited 1)Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 38. Print. 2) â€Å"Vinaya Texts, Part I (SBE 13) – Mahà ¢vagga – First Khandaka.† Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. 3) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 37. Print. 4) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 27. Print. 5) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 31. Print. View as multi-pages

Market Structures And Ideal Pricing Strategies - 1885 Words

Abstract Market Structures are determined by the types of firms that are in them. Different firms have different characteristics that make them ideal for different structures. Several factors come into play n determining which market structure a firm belongs to; a firm without competition and can determine prices and output is automatically in the monopoly market structure. Smaller, multiple and similar firms are in a perfectly competitive market and so on. Different market structures employ different pricing strategies. These market structures and their ideal pricing strategies are described below. 1. Perfect Competition†¨ 1.1. Description†¨ This is a market structure which is characterized with numerous firms that are almost equal in strength and none can therefore influence that price that the said market structure. This means that in this market structure the price of products is determined by normal market forces such as demand and supply (Morris Morris, 1990). A perfect competition market therefore has the following characteristics; a large number of firms that have equal power. Another characteristic of perfectly competitive markets is that there are no barriers of entry or exit. Third, the firms are likely to trade in the same variety of products and the only competition is competition based. When it comes to the prices in this market structure, both companies and the consumers are both price takes and since none of them can determine the price of aShow MoreRelatedMarket Structures and Competitive Strategies1193 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structures and Competitive Strategies ECO/365 Market Structures and Competitive Strategies Introduction There are many other soft drink makers but Coca Cola has been renowned to be one of the world’s top best soft drink makers and is among the best brands ever for a lot of years. It has the gain of a marketplace leader spot in drinks dealing with Pepsi in the subsequent spot. 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Shakeaway has six new product that is added on their menus for limited edition for ChristmasRead MoreExploring The Different Market Structures Available2160 Words   |  9 Pagesbusinesses are forced to come up with good pricing strategies to achieve this. However, pricing strategies are different for businesses depending on the market structure in which they operate. Markets can be classified as perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Each of these structures has different characteristics and conditions that call for different pricing strategies. This paper seeks to analyze the different market structures available, discussing their unique characteristics

William Shakespeare´s Impact on History Essay - 543 Words

William Shakespeare was an English poet and a great playwright. He still has a great impact on our history today. Shakespeare has written many plays, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet. He had very extant works which people could not understand (6). Romeo and Juliet is considered to be one of his more famous plays. His plays were translated into many different languages and styles (6). William Shakespeare was a very talented man who had a great impact on history, during the Renaissance time and still does today. Shakespeare not only forever changed the face of the fine arts, but also many chapters of various text books. He created new words and aphorisms that have outlived time and are still used today, forever to be embedded†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare first started school when he was five, nearly was two years earlier than the normal age at the time, potentially giving him an educational advantage (4). His father was both the mayor of Stratford and a farmer (4). His mother was involved with legal matters, frequently serving as a juror and executrix.(4) After Shakespeare dropped out of school, she then continued his education at home. Shakespeare went to a grammar school for seven years. (7) He then dropped out of school to help his family with finances. When he was 18 years old he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a farmer. (2). Anne was already pregnant at the time of their wedding, leading many to speculate neither of them had a choice in the marriage (2). Anne did eve ntually conceive four children with Shakespeare ( 2). Shakespeare’s first recorded work is a love poem believed to have been written for her. In 1597, his daughter Anne passed away at the age of 8 (7). William Shakespeare is at the heart of British Literature. His name is associated with the most brilliant minds in history. He is in the very history of the evolution of culture. From entirely new styles that inspired many to directly changing history by interacting with the officials of the time. He sculpted the English language and dictionary new words and rhythms. Shakespeare is truly one of the greatest expressionist figures to have ever existed. His legacy will live on far past the last spokenShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On The Course Of World History1440 Words   |  6 PagesWaldo Emerson, a famous essayist inspired by Shakespeare’s works. William Shakespeare was a renowned author, poet, actor, and playwright. He has contributed to many components of life today such as; founding modern English language, contributing to literature, contributing to modern theater, and contributing many of his works to modern English. William Shakespeare has greatly impa cted the course of world history. William Shakespeare was believed to be born on April 23,1564, in his hometown of Stratford-upon-AvonRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English languageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On Modern Culture1090 Words   |  5 Pages Sam Ebersole Mrs. Ruiz English 9A Period 1 19 November 2015 Shakespeare s Influence on Modern Culture William Shakespeare is one of the world s most influential people to ever live. â€Å"BBC audience survey names Shakespeare as Britain s Man of the Millennium.† (Andrews 2) Shakespeare’s works continue to be evident globally in modern society. Hundreds of years after William Shakespeare’s death, his influence continues to make an effect in the modern day English language, modern movies andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Fraud1164 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare the Fraud? Shakespeare was a playwright from Stratford upon Avon who had arguably the most significant influence on English literature and language. 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Later, an already famous poet, Edmund Spenser, kept the love based poems alive by continuing to write in the 15th century; he went on to change how they poem rhymed and had his style of writing named after him. Enough with its history, a sonnet is a structured poem that consists of 14 lines. There is no limitation

Walt Disney Company Essay - 4270 Words

Walt Disney Company Introduction This report attempts to examine the Walt Disney Company as an organization whose international operations play a vital role in the company’s continuing existence. This report seeks to present a review and analysis of the company’s global strategy by analyzing the key internal and external factors that impact on the company and how it has used alliances and acquisitions as part of its global strategy. As a human technology-intensive company, this paper seeks to understand how Disney was able to leverage its resources to create a competitive advantage. As an important aspect of its operations, relevant management issues are reviewed to see how it has affected the company’s global expansion strategy.†¦show more content†¦In 1928, Walt Disney created the Mickey Mouse character in the silent cartoon called Plane Crazy. Minnie Mouse first appeared in the first Mickey Mouse cartoon â€Å"Steamboat Willie released November 1928 at the Colony Theater in New Yor k. In 1938, Walt Disney created the first full-length animated movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1938. Soon thereafter, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo and Bambi emerged within the next five years. (Schatz, 2001). With the increasing popularity of television and movies beginning in the early 1940s, Walt Disney’s success in animated movies soon followed one after the other. It was in 1955 when the Walt Disney Company took on huge leap of faith with the launch of the first ever Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Originally, Walt had in mind a family theme park where kids and parents could have fun together. In order to entice families to travel to his Disneyland, Walt used television to invite families to his Magic Kingdom with his show Disneyland. Walt’s faith didn’t fail him. The Walt Disney Company took on many animated cartoon projects in the following years, which included Pinocchio, Cinderella, and Jungle Book. In 1966, Walt died a happy man despite his illness. He died of lung cancer in December 1966, giving many happy memories to the children of the world. (Schatz, 2001). Walt Disney left the world a legend. He created the world famous Mickey Mouse and can be considered as one of the leaders of theShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Company1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise business. They have five business segments which are media network, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. Disney Media Network consists of broadcast, cable, radio, publishing and digital businesses within the Disney/ABC Television Group and ESPN, Inc. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is comprised of family oriented parks and resorts all around the world. TheyRead MoreWalt Disney And The Disney Company Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pages1923 by animator Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney, the Walt Disney Company is an â€Å"American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate†; whose media companies include the Disney Channel, ABC, ESPN, and AE. Furthermore, they receive revenue from their various theme parks and resorts located around the world, the sale of merchandise related to their various media projects, and their mergers and acquisitions. Notably with Pixar, Marvel, and LucasFilm Ltd. Walt Disney is currently ledRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company Jessica Weber Communications for Accountants / COM/530 September 13, 2010 Deborah Elver, MBA, CPA The Walt Disney Company Walt Disney founded the Walt Disney Company in the late 1920s in order to provide families across America and around the world with quality entertainment for every member in the family. Disney created entertainment for families in several different ways. The first being their television programs, which include animated and live moviesRead MoreWalt Disney Company1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company if there was an authoritarian leader it would affect group communication immensely because the employees need to be creative and because authoritarian leaders â€Å"make decisions, give the orders, and generally control all activities† (Beebe Masterson, 2009, P. 290) this does not allow creative communication. When a leader dictates techniques to a group it does not allow constructive communication, and ideal sharing, and this would not be good for The Walt Disney Company. InRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company642 Words   |  3 Pagesentertainment and media, Disney has also been able to remain profitable for so long due to the company’s various strategies used to create value through diversification, expansion, and integration. Throughout Disney’s history, the company was always operated by key businesspeople that had a goal of maintaining the brand and remaining profitable as the largest multinational entertainment conglomerate in the world. Additionally, Walt and Roy Disney set the stage for future leaders of the company to achieve successRead MoreWalt Disney Company.857 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney Company is famed for its creativity, strong global brand, and uncanny ability to take service and experience businesses to higher levels. In the early 1990s, then-CEO Michael Eisner looked to the fast-food industry as a way to draw additional attention to the Disney presence outside of its theme parks - its retail chain was highly successful and growing rapidly. A fast-food restaurant made sense from Eisner’s perspective since Disney’s theme parks had already mastered rapid, high-volumeRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company4305 Words   |  18 PagesThe Walt Disney Company; A Dream and a Mouse Abstract Throughout its history, the Walt Disney Company has seen both struggle and success. Today the company continues to expand both globally and within its current business segments with new projects and acquisitions. In a struggling economy that has lent to the fall of other major companies, the importance of realistic and useful information is necessary to estimate the current and future financial stability for a company’s investorsRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1449 Words   |  6 Pageshis own brand of architecture that he could peddle to the masses and, after time, his corporate investors. The Walt Disney Company, has since become an empire, and from the help of Michael Eisner during the Disney decade, a brand that cannot be easily avoided. Its presence has sprung up world-wide with no indication of slowing. The parks have transformed into a vernacular that can set up shop in any international environment. Unlike the buildings we commonly design today, Disneyland’s have littleRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesThe Walt Disney Company FIN534: Financial Analysis Heather Kain Strayer University Dr. John Karaffa November 30, 2011 Introduction The Walt Disney Company, along with its subsidiaries, is a diversified entertainment company. Its animation studio, parks, resorts, consumer products and media networks has allowed the Walt Disney Company to remain a staple in the entertainment industry along with its impeccable ability to market to children and adults. 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Global Patterns

Questions: 1. First, assess the extent to which the chosen industry can be characterised as: (a) globalised or regionalised (as per Rugman) or (b) core Triad-dominated or multi-polar. Then, explore and analyse the underlying factors and forces behind the observed patterns. 2. For the chosen industry, evaluate the extent to which current global patterns of production, trade, FDI and consumption are influenced by nation-states. You are encouraged to draw on Dickens roles of the state and other relevant concepts. 3. For the chosen industry, select and investigate one prominent geographical industry cluster, account for the clusters international prominence (drawing on relevant theories) and explain the role it plays within wider global production networks. Answers: 1.0 Introduction Success of a particular industry highly depends on its present scenario, its rate of production, trade values as well as the flow of Foreign Investment in the particular sector at a considerable rate (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). Consumption rate of the manufactured (finished) products of the particular industry among the people of the country as well as among the people of foreign countries derives the amount of revenue generated by the industry as a whole and its overall contribution in the GDP and economic development of the country(Amighini and Franco 2013). This particular assignment will cover up a brief discussion on the chosen country and a particular industry of the country along with highlighting the impact of the industry on the countrys economy. A brief industry analysis of the industry will highlight the present situation of the industry and future prospects in the upcoming days. Discussion about the production pattern, trade pattern and Foreign Direct Investment will highlight the capacity of the industry and financial assistance received from foreign investors. Consumption pattern of the industry products will highlight the revenue generation of the industry. Applicability of Dickenss role of the state and other relevant theories will focus on the Global Shift and its extent on the chosen industry. 2.0 Chosen country and Industry For this particular assignment, the country chosen is Russia and the industry chosen is the Russian Manufacturing Industry. This particular industry comprises of several industries such as Ferrous Metallurgy, Non- Ferrous Metallurgy, Machine Building, Automotive Industry, Chemical Industry and Light Industry (Berger 2014). Therefore, it can be stated that the entire Russian Manufacturing industry depends on the performance of all these respective industries throughout the particular financial year. Economic development of Russia is highly dependent on the performance and growth prospects of these industries in the upcoming years (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). The assignment will basically highlight on the Russian Automotive industry, a part of the Russian Manufacturing industry. 2.1 Impact of the chosen industry on the economy The Soviet Governments priority in modernization of the Russian industry in the beginning of the 1920 reached its full peak under the systematic central planning undertaken by Stalin. During this particular period, resource of investment was directed more towards heavy manufacturing industries as compared to the light industries (Balcet Wang and Richet 2012). The productivity of this industry started to decline during the phase of the Cold War and the industry reached its point of revival during the beginning of 90s. After reviewing the last quarter of 2015, it has been observed that the total production of the Russian industrial sector declined at the rate of 3.5 % on yearly basis (). Russia is considered as one of the high income generating country with a mixed economy with majority of state ownership in the strategic areas. The Russian Automotive industry has been playing a significant part in the development of the economy and employs nearly 6, 00, 000 people of the country and produced nearly 19 lakh cars in the financial year 2015 (Berger 2014). Some of the largest automobile companies of Russia are GAZ, Avto-VAZ, the producer of lightweight automobiles and KamAZ the leading producer of heavy vehicle in the country. 2.2 Brief Industry Analysis During the 90s, this particular industry was considered to be one of the most slow producing industries in the country. Majority of the Automotive companies operated far below their present operation capability, hence under performance was the main highlighting factor of this particular industry (Rocha Arkader and de Goes, 2015). The commercial vehicles both light weight and heavy weight vehicles were manufactured and sold to the small business corporations. Whereas the diesel - operated trucks manufactured by GAZ had limited service life, hence the industry was termed as unreliable and failed considerably to capture trust and fulfill demand of people both in terms of quality and quantity of the vehicle produced. During the last 20 years, demand of passenger automobile kept on increasing, with no such positive response from the automobile manufacturing companies of the country. Generally, the incapability of self - financing among the Russian automobile makers delayed the production capability and created incapability of further expansion of business. Increasing rate of import from companies like Mercedes, Audi and BMW created further danger for the industry and handful of industries relied on Joint venture or partnership projects with western automobile makers (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). Despite of being hit by the global economic recession in 2008, the automobile industry is considered an industry having political importance. Tolyatti, the mono town Russian city that is entirely dependent on the functioning of the company AvtoVAZ, employing more than 1, 00, 000 people from the city itself (Domanski et al. 2013). The Russian government is also focused on development of this particular industry through technological development and innovation. Presently, after looking deeply into this industry, it can be opined that the Russian Automotive industry is the perfect combination of International and National car manufacturers with the immense capability of fulfilling the desire of cars and commercial vehicles at the highest level. 3.0 Extent of the Chosen Industry regarding Production pattern From the beginning, this particular industry has been hit with high and lows of production, either affected by Cold War or by Global economic slowdown. After shedding light on the phase of 2000 to 2005, it has been revealed that income generation among the people of the country was quite higher that created strong demand of family cars and private vehicles creating boom in the automobile industry. During this phase, nearly 16 lakh cars were sold out of which nearly 8.5 lakh cars were of Russian make (Gonchar and Marek 2013). Increased sales of cars attracted the foreign car manufacturers that facilitated flow of foreign investment in this particular industry. There has been an increased rate of foreign car production in Russia from 1, 60, 000 cars in 2005 to nearly 5, 00, 000 cars in 2007. During this phase, the valuation of the Russian Automotive industry was valued at 14 %, 36% and 67 % respectively during the year 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively, assisting the industry to be know n as the fastest growing automotive market of the world in 2008 (Davies 2014). The Russian government enacted specialized legislation in 2005 regarding establishment of Specialized Economic Zones to attract increased rate of foreign investment from the foreign automotive companies. These companies received adequate benefits from exemption from assets and land tax, tax allowances, protecting the investing companies while having changes in tax slabs. With this particular effort, general Motors, Toyota and Nissan enhanced the Russian automotive industry through investment (Hannola Myller and Kortelainen, 2014). After the economic recession in 2009, The Russian Automotive market lost its previous position with a massive drop in the production figures by nearly 9, 00, 000 units among which production of heavy vehicles like trucks fell to 90, 000 units in 2009 as compared to 2, 60, 000 in 2008. Financial assistance of $ 2 billion was provided to the weak companies along with credit up to $ 3 million to the customers opting to purchase Russian cars (Heinz and Tomenend al 2012). Government subsequently increased the tariff (from 50 to 100%) for importing foreign cars aligning with size and cubic capacity of the engines. The government even provided subsidized pricing strategies, where the new car buyers could receive subsidy up to 6, 00, 000 rubles to keep the flow of car sales within the economy. Still, amidst economic slowdown, Marussia B2 became the first supercar (sports car) to be manufactured and launched in Russia in 2008 and officially started to sell from 2010 from Marussia showrooms from Moscow (Kurilov 2012). The scenario changed in 2010, Russian car manufacturers retained their profit position by selling nearly 85 to 90% of the total cars sold in the country. AvtoVAZ topped the list of the highest car selling companies of Russia during the particular financial year. The major products manufactured and sold by the Russian automotive companies are Cars, Heavy vehicles, and Sports cars from Russian and foreign companies (Lee et al. 2013). However, in 2014, this industry showed signs of collapse when sales of new car plummeted nearly by 14.5%, especially affecting the production of budget cars. Even production of commercial vehicles shrank up to a great extent. Till the last quarter of 2015, the car manufacturing companies in Russia gained a meagre portion of their lost market share, except Toyota that continued its run in the negative figures. (Source: McDermott and Luethge 2014) 3.1 Extent of the Industrys trade pattern The Russian car industry has been hardly hit during the entire financial year 2014-15 with sales figure and production going down significantly. Devaluation of the Russian currency is considered as a major reason behind the drastic situation of this industry. Reducing demand of cars and rise of Russias inflation level of 13% (approx) during 2015 reduced the purchasing power of Russian people (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). At the same time, following the rule of theoretical economics, inflation increased the selling price of the cars hence production of cars slowed down largely. The time span during 2010 to 2013 was the most favorable period for this particular industry where the local people preferred automobiles manufactured by Russian as well as International brands. Increased production, increasing profitability and introduction of new models were the core traits. Increasing demand of cars influenced international car manufacturers to invest and start their manufacturing units in Russia (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). The unexpected slowdown of the economy and increasing rate of inflation forced many car manufacturers to reduce car manufacturing with Toyota and Nissan already shutting down their Russian units for temporary basis. As far as the foreign companies of the Russian automobile market are concerned, International brands like General Motors, Nissan, Hyundai etc has to import spare parts and other accessories that were quite costly as result of devaluation of Ruble. Regulatory changes in the market in 2012, with the Russian governments decision to reduce the import duties of vehicles, tax rates and operational surcharges have potential to attract new investment. Despite of the governments effort and prediction in favor of huge market growth in the upcoming years, declining profitability and reduced demand of cars creates hindrances in trading of cars in the country (Morgenstern 2014). Localization of this industry, specifically on the norms of assembling the International branded cars with locally made engines and gearboxes, in exchange of duty - free import of car manufacturing components until mid 2018. Similarly, negotiation between the Russian government and WTO regarding availing higher duties on new cars and other vehicles to the extent of 5% until 2018 will ease the trade pattern of this industry with expected growth of the automobile component market of nearly 8% on annual basis. (Source: Pavlnek 2012) Foreign Direct Investment on the Industry After favorable market growth of the Russian Automobile industry prior to the financial year 2010-11, renowned international car manufacturers from Japan, Germany and other European countries started investing in Russian automotive market on the basis of increasing demand of cars (Popov 2015). High sales figures and outright support from the Russian government through offering of Special Economic Zones to the car manufacturers witnessed investment of $ 1 billion from General Motors, Toyota and Fiat announcing to produce more than 2.5 lakh cars locally boosted the market. With boost in manufacturing figures from the perspective of foreign car companies, supplier investment on various car spare parts/ components such as car batteries, tires, wheel rims, starter motor, sheet steel, rubber tubes, instrument clusters, seat covers, seats, exhaust systems and car music system were an additional advantage for the local and international car manufacturers of the country (Pavlinek 2012). The Russian automotive market successfully attracted foreign investment up to 2013 based on the governments policy to provide localization support to the foreign brands. However, several protective measures regulated by the Western section (Banks) reduced the limit of FDI in recent times. Critical financial situation and underutilization of the production capacities by these companies have slowed down investment rates. Projected report regarding FDI on the Russian Automotive industry is stated as follows: Production capacity is likely to stay low during the next couple of years with exception for the Chinese car manufacturers Localized production rate will increase and have to be maintained by all the foreign car manufacturers presently operating in the Russian Automotive market Financial support will be provided to every Russian foreign subsidiary companies Sludge in rate of car production and decreased rate of inflow of F D I is the major backdrop of the Russian automotive market as most of the Original Equipment manufacturer of the Russian automotive market is affected by less adapted marketing strategies (Simachev et al. 2013) Handful of companies are strategically bound to leave the Russian automotive market, hence creating outflow of Foreign Direct Investment Consumption influence by the Nation- States With availability of famous foreign automobile makers of the world accompanied by availability of variety of cars manufactured by the Russian companies, manufacturing hatchbacks, sedans and SUVs are reliable as well as economical to the people of the country. Nearly 70% of the cars manufactured in Russia are sold in the country, out of which the ratio of sales of Russian car brands and International brands changes frequently (Simonova et al. 2015). In general, price of cars sold in Russia is quite higher despite of availability of easy financing, provision of financial assistance from the government, Foreign Investment and operation of majority of the car companies in Specialized Economic Zones. Even demand of cars in Russia is at 250 car bookings on average of 1,000 people, which is far below from countries like United States of America and Germany with 750 and 400 car bookings on average of every 1, 000 people (Sorrentino Rizzo and Sorrentino 2014). Figure 1: Sale comparison in Car sale in Russia 2013-2014 (Brandwise) (Source: Simachev et al. 2013) Unfavorable weather conditions, lack of stability of the home currency and presence of inflation in the range of 12- 15% on yearly basis keep the car prices high considerably. The insurance values of cars are higher due to atmospheric instability and constant demand of cost efficient cars is the latest preference among people. Lightweight vehicles for family use have kept the hope alive for the declined condition of the industry (Thomsen 2015). On the contrary, demand of commercial vehicles in the lightweight category is expected to increase due to its wide range of usability. In order to influence the local residents of the country to purchase cars several lucrative schemes and have been initiated, such as: Increased rate of financing through government and private undertaken companies Encouraging the car manufacturers to develop low priced cars (with low maintenance cost) for benefits of the customers Reduction in taxes and offering financial assistance to companies manufacturing heavy duty vehicles like buses and lorries as demand for public transport service will increase with rising population (Popov 2015) Another important turnaround of the Russian automotive industry is expected to be possible with the production of Army vehicles and warfare transport vehicles, as Russia has already entered in to exchange contract of war vehicles with members of the BRIC nations, especially India during 2016-2018. Taking figure 1 in to consideration, it can be observed that the financial situation through sale of middleweight cars have highlighted signs of improvement at a slow pace. Future prospects Welfens et al.(2012) opined that there are some significant factors such as recovery of Rubles valuation during the end phase of 2015, thinning effect of inflation in the Russian and world economy, and decreased price of fuel in the world market will definitely boost up the Russian automotive industry from the middle of 2016. It is already suggested that other significant factors like Net flow of capital, reduction in the level of inflation in the Russian economy will forecast a positive turn around for this industry. Significant supports from the government both financially and through development of technology are the two other factors to guide the industry towards its re- birth (Sorentino et al. 2014). Similarly, Russian made cars will be the choice of maximum number of people as price of these cars will grow less or might remain stable in order to ease the sales figure and pay utmost care in development of the entire industry. Graph 4: Price Hike percentage (expected) during 2016-2018 (Source: Pavlinek 2015) It is expected that Russian and Japanese brand cars will occupy a significant position in the market due to its slack price growth. The market demographics of the Russian car market is expected to be divided based on the factors stated below: Origin Country Classification Demographics Preference rate Price hike (%) avg. USA Sedan, SUV, Hatchbacks, Sports High Income Group High 50% Russian - Do- Middle Class (Income Wise) High 9% European - Do- Age (19-40 years) High 15% Japanese - Do- Age and Income High 20% Table 1: Expected Brand preference of Russian people based on Demographics (Source: Morgenstern 2014) At the same time, it is also expected that the companies will also be able to recover the slashed down sales unit depending on the identified factors of the micro and macroeconomic scenario. (For graph, please refer to Appendix 1). Theories and Concepts In order to highlight the Global Business Shift of the selected industry of Russia, Peter Dickens Global shift has been a significant example based on how development of a certain industry is possible taking into considerations the economic, political factors along with globalization of business scenario (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). As per this particular concept, globalization and technological innovation and advancement are the main source of development of business. Localization and entering in to joint ventures with foreign companies are another important factor towards development of the industry and eased employment opportunities for the residents of the country. Further importance on development of the industry is possible through understanding the economical issues and targeting the business sector based on geographical basis and demands of customers (Lee et al. 2013). Effective need of communication is another important factor of development of a weak industry to find its Midas touch. Dickens model emphasizes on factors like production, trade, investment and consumer preference behind re development or improvement of an industry. The model also highlights the importance on location importance as well as technical and financial assistance of the host government through reduced tax structures, redeemed duty fees for receiving higher rate of investments (Kurilov 2012). Conclusion After conducting the detailed study on the Russian Automotive industry, it is observed that despite of adverse financial condition of the economy attempts from the car manufacturers and efforts from the end of the national government has been the maximum strength towards re-innovation of the industry. Foreign companies have stopped production for time being in order to save their capital loss, but are quite reluctant on providing importance on the identified growth factors to make the industry survive the crisis. Macroeconomic as well as microeconomic factors are favorable towards the future development of the Russian automotive industry in the upcoming years. With thinning down of the economic crisis and improvement in the exchange rate of Ruble as compared to the other European currencies, purchasing power of Russian people will enhance once again along with increased demand of owning a personal car as per the identified demographic factors. References Ajupov, A, A. Kurilova, and D. U. Ivanov. 2015 "Formation of Financial Planning for the Automotive Industry."Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences6, no. 1S3: 40. Ajupov, A.A., Kurilova, A.A. and Ivanov, D.U., 2015. Application of Financial Engineering Instruments in the Russian Automotive Industry.Asian Social Science,11(11), p.p162. Ajupov, A.A., Kurilova, A.A. and Ivanov, D.U., 2015. Hedging as an Important Component of the Financial Mechanism of Enterprise Management in the Automotive Cycles.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(1S3), p.45. Amighini, A.A. and Franco, C., 2013. A sector perspective on Chinese outward FDI: The automotive case.China Economic Review,27, pp.148-161. Balcet, G., Wang, H. and Richet, X., 2012. Geely: a trajectory of catching up and asset-seeking multinational growth.International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 19,12(4), pp.360-375. Berger, R., 2014. Automotive market in Brazil under significant pressure. Profitability for car manufacturers and suppliers at its lowest level in 10 years with no immediate recovery in sight| Automotive| Industrial know-how| Expertise| Roland Berger. Berger, R., 2014. Roland Berger study: Russia's automotive industry in declineSerious risks for sales and production| Press room| Roland Berger. Rocha, A., Arkader, R. and de Ges, B.B., 2015. International expansion of Marcopolo (B): Manufacturing in the other side of the world.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.241-254. Davies, K., 2012. Inward FDI in China and its policy context, 2012. Domanski, B., Guzik, R., Gwosdz, K. and Dej, M., 2013. 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The Russian ODI and FDI promotion strategy of Korea.KIEP Research Paper No. World Economy Update-13-14. McDermott, M.C. and Luethge, D.J., 2014. Anatomy of a Reversed Foreign Divestment Decision: General Motors and Its European Subsidiary, Opel.Journal on Business Review (GBR),3(1). Montemayor, H.M.V. and Pirvulescu, R., 2015. FDI Success Factors: Evidence from a European Manufacturer in the Chinese Automobile Industry.Journal of Management,16(2), p.61. Morgenstern, R.D., 2014.Economic analyses at EPA: assessing regulatory impact. Routledge. Pavlnek, P., 2012. The impact of the 20082009 crisis on the automotive industry: global trends and firm-level effects in Central Europe.European Urban and Regional Studies, p.0969776412460534. Popov, V., 2015. Can Uzbekistan Economy Retain its High Growth Rate? Scenarios of Economic Development in 2015-30.Scenarios of Economic Development in,30. Simachev, Y., Kuzyk, M., Kuznetsov, B. and Pogrebnyak, E.V., 2013. Industrial Policy in Russia in 2000-2013: Institutional Features and Key Lessons.Russian Economy in. Simonova, M.V., Streltsov, A.V. and Noskov, V.A., 2015. The Formation of Strategic Priorities for Development of Industrial Enterprises of the Samara Region.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(6 S3), p.309. Sorrentino, M., Rizzo, G. and Sorrentino, L., 2014. A study aimed at assessing the potential impact of vehicle electrification on grid infrastructure and road-traffic green house emissions.Applied Energy,120, pp.31-40. Thomsen, L., 2015. Exporting to Russia? Entry barriers for food suppliers in a territory in transition.Journal of Economic Geography, p.lbv016. Welfens, P.J., Yarrow, G., Grinberg, R. and Graack, C. eds., 2012.Towards Competition in Network Industries: Telecommunications, Energy and Transportation in Europe and Russia. Springer Science Business Media.